Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to diagnose and treat various knee problems. Unlike traditional open surgery, this procedure requires only small incisions, making it a popular choice for patients seeking quicker recovery times with fewer complications. In this article, we’ll explore what knee arthroscopy entails, why it’s performed, its benefits, and what to expect during recovery.
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What is Knee Arthroscopy?
Knee arthroscopy is a surgical procedure where an orthopedic surgeon inserts a small camera, called an arthroscope, into the knee joint. This allows them to view the inside of the knee on a monitor and perform necessary repairs or diagnostic assessments. The surgeon can use tiny instruments to treat a variety of conditions without needing large incisions, resulting in less damage to surrounding tissues.
Why is Knee Arthroscopy Performed?
Knee arthroscopy is often recommended when non-surgical treatments, such as physical therapy or medication, fail to relieve knee pain or improve joint function. Common conditions treated with knee arthroscopy include:
- Torn Meniscus – A common knee injury, particularly among athletes. Arthroscopy can be used to repair or remove the damaged part of the meniscus.
- Damaged Cartilage – The procedure allows the surgeon to remove or repair damaged cartilage in the knee joint.
- Ligament Tears – Arthroscopy is often used to treat torn ligaments, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
- Inflamed Synovial Tissue – This tissue lines the knee joint and can become inflamed due to conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Arthroscopy can be used to remove inflamed tissue.
- Loose Bone or Cartilage Fragments – These fragments can cause pain and restrict movement. Arthroscopy can help remove these pieces.
Benefits of Knee Arthroscopy
Compared to open knee surgery, knee arthroscopy offers several advantages:
- Minimally Invasive: The procedure involves small incisions, leading to less trauma to surrounding tissues.
- Faster Recovery: Since it’s less invasive, the recovery time is typically quicker, allowing patients to return to daily activities sooner.
- Less Scarring: Smaller incisions mean less noticeable scars compared to open surgery.
- Lower Risk of Infection: Due to the small size of the incisions, there is a reduced risk of infection compared to more extensive surgeries.
The Knee Arthroscopy Procedure: Step by Step
Here’s a breakdown of what to expect during a typical knee arthroscopy:
- Preparation: Patients are usually put under general, spinal, or local anesthesia depending on the complexity of the procedure and personal preferences.
- Incisions: The surgeon makes small incisions around the knee joint to insert the arthroscope and other surgical tools.
- Inspection and Treatment: The surgeon examines the joint using the arthroscope. If any issues are detected (like torn cartilage or ligaments), they can treat them using small instruments.
- Closing the Incisions: Once the procedure is complete, the instruments are removed, and the incisions are stitched or bandaged.
- Post-Surgery: Patients are typically monitored for a short time after the procedure before being discharged the same day.
Recovery After Knee Arthroscopy
The recovery process varies based on the individual and the complexity of the surgery. Here’s what most patients can expect during recovery:
- First Few Days: Rest, elevate the knee, and apply ice to reduce swelling. A brace or crutches may be necessary to keep weight off the knee during the early stages.
- Physical Therapy: Many patients start physical therapy shortly after the procedure to restore knee strength and mobility. Therapy may include exercises to improve flexibility, strength, and stability.
- Return to Activities: Most patients can resume light activities within a week or two, but strenuous activities like sports may require a few months of recovery. Your doctor will provide specific guidance based on your condition and procedure.
Risks and Complications
While knee arthroscopy is generally safe, like any surgery, it carries some risks. Potential complications include:
- Infection: Although rare, any surgery carries a risk of infection.
- Blood Clots: These can develop in the legs after surgery, though they are uncommon with arthroscopy.
- Knee Stiffness: Some patients experience stiffness or difficulty regaining full range of motion.
- Ongoing Pain: In rare cases, pain may persist even after surgery.
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When to Consider Knee Arthroscopy
Knee arthroscopy is not always the first line of treatment. Your doctor may recommend this procedure if:
- Non-surgical treatments, such as medications, physical therapy, or knee injections, have not provided relief.
- You have persistent pain or limited mobility caused by cartilage, ligament, or meniscus damage.
- You are experiencing mechanical symptoms, such as locking or catching, which affect knee movement.
Conclusion
Knee arthroscopy is an effective, minimally invasive solution for many common knee problems. Whether you’re dealing with a torn meniscus, cartilage damage, or inflamed tissue, this procedure can offer relief with less downtime than traditional surgery. Always consult with an orthopedic specialist to determine if knee arthroscopy is the right option for your specific condition.
If you’re considering knee arthroscopy, consult a board-certified orthopedic surgeon to discuss your options and determine the best course of action for your knee health.
FAQs
The procedure typically takes 30 minutes to an hour, depending on the complexity of the condition being treated.
Yes, physical therapy is often recommended to help restore knee strength and flexibility.
Many patients can return to desk work within a week, but physically demanding jobs may require a longer recovery period.
While arthroscopy can treat damaged cartilage and other knee issues, it does not prevent arthritis from developing in the future.
Dr. Benoit is an assistant professor of surgery at the Université de Montréal and practices at the CIUSSS Nord-de-l’île de Montréal. He completed his medical degree at Université Laval in Quebec City in 2001 and did his orthopedic residency at the Université de Montreal, where he was on the Dean’s honour list. Following his residency, he completed two additional years of fellowship training; the first year in Geneva, Switzerland and the second year in Ottawa, Canada.
